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New Principles for

Audience
Engagement
in Museums

About the International Audience Engagement Network

The International Audience Engagement (IAE) Network was established in 2018 as an initiative of a steering group of audience engagement professionals based in museums worldwide. The Network was formed as a response to one of the biggest priorities facing museums and cultural institutions today – achieving and maintaining relevance and sustainability, and nurturing authentic connections in order to engage diverse audiences and stakeholders across all parts of the museum experience, from service and communications, to collections and programs.

Facilitating opportunities for museum professionals in audience-focused fields to connect with and learn from one another is central to the work of the Network. Since its formation, the Network has convened three international working meetings, hosted digital briefings on museum audience engagement, and participated in international conferences and talks.

New Principles for Audience Engagement in Museums: Forming Connections through Collaboration & Communication is the third volume in a series published by the Network. The publications are developed in collaboration with contributing Network members and are designed to offer both practical and aspirational recommendations for museum and cultural industry professionals who are looking to begin, or strengthen, their commitment to audiences.

Discover IAE publications

Our mission is to create a global network of museum leaders committed to advancing the public value of museums through supporting authentic internal and external focus on the audience experience.

Our purpose is to create a museum culture centered around audiences.

Audience engagement champions the emotional and social relationship between audiences and museums to sustain their future

– IAE Network

Forming Connections Through Collaboration & Communication

In 1996, Harvard University published a book by the University’s business school professor John P. Kotter, Leading Change, in which Kotter outlines eight recommended steps to create lasting change within a company. As with any business, including museums and cultural institutions, lasting, positive change is necessary for ongoing innovation, sustainability and success.

Yet for many, driving change at any level can be challenging. Add to this, the everyday responsibilities of museum professionals, such as managing busy schedules, and planning and delivering projects reporting and communicating with staff and stakeholders, navigating complex projects or relationships, through to responding to unexpected challenges, and it can seem as though achieving meaningful change is an impossible dream.

But change is important. Change is a necessary process that, if done well and with purpose, leads to innovation, growth, learning, new ideas and outcomes that have incredibly positive impacts – from economic to social. For museums or cultural organisations, the need for change is commonly driven by needs in the wider community – for instance equity and inclusion, or health and wellbeing.

As public-facing entities, museums today face increasingly high expectations from all fronts, including sponsors, donors, boards, governing bodies, visitors, artists and communities. Museums must make complex decisions around their exhibitions, collections, programs and business practices. But amid all of this, it’s valuable to remember that at its heart, a museum is a civic space with a responsibility to welcome everybody. A museum, when functioning at its best, is a space for joyful learning, for contemplation and wonder, and for connections between people and ideas.

Considered through this lens, a museum becomes a potentially transformative gateway to other worlds and worldviews and a place that people feel welcome and confident to engage. It also becomes an inclusive and contemporary space that is reflective of the many people, perspectives and creative narratives that make up our diverse community. But where and how to start on a journey towards becoming a transformed – and transformative – museum?

This publication proposes a framework with broad principles for approaching questions such as these. It was produced as an outcome of the third working meeting of the International Audience Engagement (IAE) Network, hosted by the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia, in March 2024.

The meeting brought together senior audience engagement representatives from museums in Australia, Asia, Europe and the United States to explore opportunities and challenges around the theme, Connections are formed through collaboration and communication.

Connection is an important concept with many iterations. Think about connections with other museum staff, or with audiences, partners or other organisations. Meaningful connections are vital – they build trust, create space for new ideas and ways of working, and can lead to innovation and change.

But connections can be hard to establish and even harder to maintain, especially as museums – and communities at large – recover from the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic and other emerging crises around the world.

Two key enablers of strong connections emerged as part of discussions during the IAE Network meeting – collaboration and communication. To make lasting connections with audiences, museums must collaborate – internally within the museum; and outside, for example with community members, artists, partners, or other stakeholders. Likewise, relevant, sustained, sincere, open-minded and respectful lines of communication are crucial to forging strong connections and relationships.

As you read over these principles and recommended actions, consider one of John Kotter’s eight steps for change – ‘create a sense of urgency’. Those in attendance at the 2024 IAE Network meeting spoke of the need to address certain pressing priorities in the museum, and meeting the challenge of prioritising the most important.

When considering the possibilities of collaboration and communication, also consider your own work and that of your colleagues. It’s possible that an individual can accomplish something alone, but it is highly unlikely the project would be the best it can be. Museum work cannot be done in a vacuum. Instead, it requires the input, consideration and collective experience of others to be realised. Successful museum work, especially audience-focused efforts, is best done in, and as, a community – as members of the IAE Network attest.

Kotter’s second step, to ‘build a coalition,’ reaffirms this idea, especially if the goal is to create lasting and meaningful change. As you read this publication, we hope that you will consider those in your institutions, across the museum space, and the IAE Network, as members of your coalition for change.

‘A museum is a space for joyful learning, for contemplation and wonder, and for connections with people and ideas.’

New Principles For Audience Engagement In Museums: Forming Connections Through Collaboration & Communication

How to use this guide
The four principles outlined here can be used by anyone, in any museum or cultural organisation. They are designed to be flexible and adaptable according to your team or museum’s priorities and where you are in your journey – whether your museum already has a strong focus on planning with audiences in mind, or is just starting out in this process.

Recommendations
Each principle is followed by short term recommendations (‘quick wins’ and small things to try now) and medium to longer-term recommendations (goals to work towards or that may require time to plan and negotiate).

Recommendations loosely follow a path – from principle to short term to longer-term recommendations – but you can choose any short or longer-term recommendation as a goal to work towards or action to take.

Success indicators
A success indicator is a tangible sign that you have achieved or are progressing towards a goal. It means you are seeing a positive impact – a change or an outcome – as a result of the work you are doing.

It may be useful to write down what you think success looks like (your success indicator) in relation to your goals or projects. You can use these to track the progress, evaluate and guide planning of projects. Knowing the impact and outcomes you wish to achieve also helps with decision-making and prioritising what’s important.

Not all success indicators need to be about numbers, such as attendance to an exhibition or program, ticket sales, subscriber numbers or social media reach.

A note on terms
Projects: You will see terms like projects or programs throughout recommendations – this can include all types of projects, from a public or education program to an exhibition or display, through to digital engagement, communications, publishing and interpretation. A project here is anything developed for, to enhance the experience of, a museum’s audiences or intended audiences.

Museum: We refer to museums throughout but this guide is for any cultural organisation, museum, gallery or institution.

Stakeholder: This is anyone involved or in some way invested in a project or initiative and may include museum staff at any level, contributing artists or creators, community members or organisations, or financial or collaborative partners.

Principle 1

Initiate and embrace change to support innovation

Principle 2

Build trust through fostering mutually beneficial relationships

Principle 3

Ensure all projects are purposeful

Principle 4

Create space for different voices

The art of evaluation

Understanding & learning from audiences

Through collections, exhibitions, programs, spaces, communications, marketing and staff, museums can create opportunities for belonging, lifelong learning and wellbeing in the communities they serve.

Listening to audiences and learning about their interests and needs is an important step towards trust and relevance. For people who may have already engaged with your museum, seeking feedback on their experience is essential to reviewing and improving your projects and services. If there are important segments of your community who do not engage with your museum, it’s crucial to understand why – what barriers or challenges might exist?

Ways of learning

Journey mapping
Journey mapping involves stepping out the different stages of a visitor’s interaction with a museum, such as the entrance, security and cloaking, information and ticket desks, interacting with museum staff, moving through galleries and displays, and encountering interpretative material such as signage or labels.

The process is useful to identify areas of challenge for visitors and opportunities for improvement. The Audience Experience Map template, created by the IAE Network, guides museums to consider the perspective of three different audiences: first-time visitor, repeat visitor and museum staff.

Access map template

Surveys and research
Surveys, research and data are critical for bench-marking and to assess the value, purpose and performance of your museum or particular projects. It is important to first identify exactly what you wish to learn about or from your audience, and why this information will be valuable. This might include:

  • Demographic data such as age, gender, cultural or language background, city, country or state of residence – useful in identifying communities you are not reaching, as well as who you are;

  • Reason for visiting or motivation/driver to participate;

  • Expectation versus actual experience;

  • If their experience aligns with your purpose, goals and objectives;

  • If they are a first time visitor or have engaged before – this can help to understand proportions of new to repeat visitors.

Consider what questions will provide the information you seek. Shorter surveys will have a higher completion rate, so keep it direct and focused only on what you need to learn. For instance, you might want to know if a program format, ticket price or topic is working for your intended audience, if you are reaching target audiences, if your objectives for the program align with the experience of participants or other indicators of success (attendance, revenue, audiences engaged).

There are different ways to survey; here are a few:

Onsite feedback: Collecting feedback from visitors or participants face-to-face in your exhibition or program space, asking why they attended, what they enjoyed or felt worked well, and suggestions for improvements.

Post-visit surveys: Sometimes also called exit- surveys, are usually conducted face-to-face as visitors make their way out of the museum. Surveys can also be emailed to visitors who purchased exhibition or program tickets (ensure you are complying with any privacy guidelines).

Net Promoter Score (NPS): This measures the likelihood of attendees recommending the experience to others. You can learn more about NPS in a web search including ways to use it in surveys.

More on surveys and evaluation from page 22 and 44

Thank you

New Principles for Audience Engagement in Museums: Forming Connections through Collaboration & Communication, published by the International Audience Engagement (IAE) Network, was developed with contributions from the members w ho attended the March 2024 IAE Network meeting at the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne, Australia. We extend our sincere thanks to all attendees for their valuable input. A special thank you to Esther Conyard, Director, Marketing Communications, Visitor Experience and Business Development, Singapore Art Museum and Rachael Hammond, Director Marketing, Partnerships and Experiences, Botanic Gardens of Sydney, for their thoughtful review of drafts of this publication.

We express our gratitude to, from the National Gallery of Victoria, Tony Ellwood AM, Director and Andrew Clark, Deputy Director for their leadership, vision and commitment regarding the International Audience Engagement Network, and the field of audience engagement and to all museum directors worldwide engaged with supporting staff to participate in IAE activities.

Thank you also Zoe Kirkby, Programs and Audience Engagement Manager and Monica Do, Programs and Audience Engagement Coordinator, National Gallery of Victoria, for their support in delivering the 2024 IAE Network meeting.

Finally, we acknowledge all current and previous IAE Network steering group members and meeting participants for their invaluable contributions to this ongoing work in museum audience engagement and advocating the value and social contribution of museums worldwide.

International Audience Engagement Network Steering Group 2024–2025

Annemies Broekgaarden,
Head of Public & Education
Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Eric Bruce,
Chief Experience Officer, Visitor Experience
National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., USA
Elisha Buttler,
Head of Audience Engagement
National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
Leigh Cartwright,
Head of Customer Service
National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
Donna McColm,
Assistant Director, Curatorial and Audience Engagement
National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
Adam Rozan,
Senior Audience Development Lead
Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History, Washington, USA
Michele Stockley,
Head of Learning
National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
Suenne M. Tan,
former Senior Director, Museum Planning and Audience Engagement
National Gallery Singapore, Singapore

Museum Reading and Resources

International Audience Engagement Network publications

International Audience Engagement (IAE) Network, 2021: Audience Engagement in a Changing World

International Audience Engagement Network, 2018–19: Guidelines for Museums

Both publications available at ngv.melbourne

International Audience Engagement Network Online Hub

International Audience Engagement Network, ‘International Audience Engagement Network – Official Website’, National Gallery of Victoria, 2024. Available at ngv.melbourne

Publications and Museum Resources

Dementia Singapore & National Gallery Singapore, ‘Art with You: Final Report’, National Gallery Singapore, October 2022. Available at nationalgallery.sg

Denekamp, Cathelijne, Accessibility without limits, Rijksmuseum, 2022. Available at www.rijksmuseum.nl

Disability Action Committee, ‘NGV Disability Action Plan 2021–24’, National Gallery of Victoria, January 2021. Available at Available at ngv.melbourne

Kalbach, Jim, The Jobs to be Done playbook: Align Your Markets, Organization, and Strategy Around Customer Needs, Rosenfeld Media, 2020.

Kintz, Pauline, Text in the Rijksmuseum, Rijksmuseum, 2024. Available at www.rijksmuseum.nl

Kotter, John P., Leading Change, Harvard Business Review Press, 1996.

Khashan, Natanya & Rozan, Adam, Senior Audience Development Lead, ‘The Unofficial NMAH Staff Bio Writing Guidelines’, American Alliance of Museums and National Museum of American History, March 2024.

Lord, Gail, The Manual of Museum Management: for Museums in Dynamic Change, Third Edition, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2024.

Maggie McColl, Pete Brown, Michelle Delaney, Karl Borromaus Murr and Henrik Zipsane (eds), Routledge Handbook of Museum and Heritage Education, Routledge, 2026.

National Museum of American History, ‘Trauma based knowledge work’, National Museum of American History. Available at americanhistory.si.edu

Nitze, Marina & Sinai, Nick, Hack your bureaucracy: Get Things Done No Matter What Your Role on Any Team, Hachette, 2022.

Tan, Suenne, ‘Museums as Spaces for Well- Being’ in Cultural Connections, Vol. 6, July 2021. Available at www.mccy.gov.sg

TRONVIG, ‘Museum Marketing, Communications & Audience Engagement Glossary’, TRONVIG, May 2023 Available at glossary.tronviggroup.com

Wycherley, James, Transforming insight: The 42 Secrets of Successful Corporate Insight Teams, Insight Management Academy, 2020.

Youth Engagement Team, ‘The Youths Take Over: Our Kolektif Journey in Youth Engagement’, National Gallery Singapore, September 2023 Available at nationalgallery.sg

International Audience Engagement (IAE) Network Meeting

March 2024, National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia

Attendees and Publication Working Group

Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Rachael Hammond, Head of Marketing and Communications

Mori Art Museum, Tokyo, Japan
Masumi Okada, Leader of Learning
Eise Shiraki, Learning Curator

National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., USA
Eric Bruce, Chief Experience Officer, Visitor Experience

National Gallery Singapore, Singapore
Suenne M. Tan, Senior Director (Museum Planning and Audience Engagement)

National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
Donna McColm, Assistant Director, Curatorial and Audience Engagement

Michele Stockley, Head of Learning

Leigh Cartwright, Head of Customer Service

Elisha Buttler, Head of Audience Engagement

Megan Patty, Head of Publications, Photographic Services and Library

Zoe Kirkby, Programs and Audience Engagement Manager

Siân Scott-Clash, Publishing Manager

Lucy Hambleton, Project Manager, Learning

Andrea Stahel, Community and Access Programs Manager

Kate Ryan, Curator of Children’s Programs

Stephanie Pohlman, Senior Project Coordinator, Community and Access Programs

Elisa Scarton, Senior Editorial Coordinator, Audience Engagement

Sofie Johansson, Audience Engagement Operations Coordinator

Leah Santilli, Educator

Philbrook Museum of Art, Tulsa, USA
Rachel Keith, Deputy Director for Audience Engagement & Curatorial Affairs

Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Annemies Broekgaarden, Head of Public Engagement and Education

Singapore Art Museum, Singapore
Esther Conyard, Director, Marketing Communications, Visitor Experience and Business Development

Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History, Washington, USA
Adam Rozan

Copyright and usage
The International Audience Engagement (IAE) Network Melbourne 2024 working meeting at the National Gallery of Victoria was co-designed and facilitated by the IAE Network Steering Group with the National Gallery of Victoria as host venue.

All material in this publication including text, resources, guides, tips, diagrams and templates have been developed by the IAE Network and are intellectual property of the IAE Network. Permission to reproduce or republish material must be granted by the IAE Network.

Contact us
For information on the IAE Network please email your regional Steering Group contact or via our online form.